NeurIPS 2025 Past Math & reasoningLarge language models

First Workshop on Foundations of Reasoning in Language Models

FoRLM 2025

Submission deadline
Sep 9, 2025, 11:59 UTC
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Auto-imported from the OpenReview venue record on 2026-06-10 — please verify and enrich (topics are keyword-guessed).

Accepted papers (101)

Fetched from OpenReview (v2) on 2026-06-10.

  1. "Think Just Enough: Sequence-Level Entropy as a Confidence Signal for LLM Reasoning"

    Aman Sharma, Paras Chopra · PDF
  2. ActivationReasoning: Logical Reasoning in Latent Activation Spaces

    Lukas Helff, Ruben Härle, Wolfgang Stammer, Felix Friedrich, Manuel Brack, Antonia Wüst, Hikaru Shindo, Patrick Schramowski, Kristian Kersting · PDF
  3. Agentic Reasoning and Tool Integration for LLMs via Reinforcement Learning

    Joykirat Singh, Yash Pandya, Pranav Vajreshwari, Raghav Magazine, Akshay Nambi · PDF
  4. ARS: Adaptive Reasoning Suppression for Efficient Large Reasoning Language Models

    Dongqi Zheng · PDF
  5. Asking the Missing Piece: Context-Driven Clarification for Ambiguous VQA

    Zongwan Cao, Bingbing Wen, Lucy Lu Wang · PDF
  6. Benchmarking Temporal Reasoning: Can Large Language Models Navigate Time When Stories Refuse to Follow a Straight Line?

    SUN Feifei, Ziyi Tong, Houjing WEI, Cheng Peng, Teeradaj Racharak, Le-Minh Nguyen · PDF
  7. Benefits and Limitations of Communication in Multi-Agent Reasoning

    Michael Rizvi-Martel, Satwik Bhattamishra, Neil Rathi, Guillaume Rabusseau, Michael Hahn · PDF
  8. Beyond 'Aha!': Toward Systematic Meta-Abilities Alignment in Large Reasoning Models

    Zhiyuan Hu, Yibo Wang, Hanze Dong, Yuhui Xu, Amrita Saha, Caiming Xiong, Bryan Hooi, Junnan Li · PDF
  9. Beyond Introspection: Reinforcing Thinking via Externalist Behavioral Feedback

    Diji Yang, Linda Zeng, Kezhen Chen, Yi Zhang · PDF
  10. Beyond Pass@k: Breadth-Depth Metrics for Reasoning Boundaries

    Marius Dragoi, Ioana Pintilie, Florin Gogianu, Florin Brad · PDF
  11. Beyond Semantics: The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Reasonless Intermediate Tokens

    Kaya Stechly, Karthik Valmeekam, Vardhan Palod, Atharva Gundawar, Subbarao Kambhampati · PDF
  12. Can Reasoning Models Obfuscate Reasoning? Stress-Testing Chain-of-Thought Monitorability

    Wen Xing, Artur Zolkowski · PDF
  13. Can We Predict Alignment Before Models Finish Thinking? Towards Monitoring Misaligned Reasoning Models

    Yik Siu Chan, Zheng Xin Yong, Stephen Bach · PDF
  14. CARE: Turning LLMs Into Causal Reasoning Expert

    Juncheng Dong, Yiling Liu, Ahmed Aloui, Vahid Tarokh, David Carlson · PDF
  15. CaRT: Teaching LLM Agents to Know When They Know Enough

    Grace Liu, Yuxiao Qu, Jeff Schneider, Aarti Singh, Aviral Kumar · PDF
  16. Chain-of-Frames: Advancing Video Understanding in Multimodal LLMs via Frame-Aware Reasoning

    Sara Ghazanfari, Francesco Croce, Nicolas Flammarion, Prashanth Krishnamurthy, Farshad Khorrami, Siddharth Garg · PDF
  17. Characterizing Deep Research: A Benchmark and Formal Definition

    Abhinav Java, Ashmit Khandelwal, Sukruta Prakash Midigeshi, Aaron Halfaker, Amit Deshpande, Navin Goyal, Ankur Gupta, Nagarajan Natarajan, Amit Sharma · PDF
  18. Characterizing good teachers for distillation using gradient features

    Abhishek Panigrahi, Bingbin Liu, Sadhika Malladi, Sham M. Kakade, Surbhi Goel · PDF
  19. Correct Reasoning Paths Visit Shared Decision Pivots

    Dongkyu Cho, Amy B.Z. Zhang, Bilel Fehri, Sheng Wang, Rumi Chunara, Rui Song, Hengrui Cai · PDF
  20. COSMIR: Chain Orchestrated Structured Memory for Iterative Reasoning over Long Context

    Naman Gupta, Shreeyash Gowaikar, Arun Iyer, Kirankumar Shiragur, Ramakrishna B Bairi, Rishikesh Maurya, Ritabrata Maiti, Sankarshan Damle, Shachee Mishra Gupta · PDF
  21. Data Diversification Methods In Alignment Enhance Math Performance In LLMs

    Berkan Dokmeci, Qingyang Wu, Ben Athiwaratkun, Ce Zhang, Shuaiwen Leon Song, James Zou · PDF
  22. Decoupling the "What" and "Where" With Polar Coordinate Positional Embedding

    Anand Gopalakrishnan, Róbert Csordás, Jürgen Schmidhuber, Michael Curtis Mozer · PDF
  23. Deep sequence models tend to memorize geometrically, we do not understand why.

    Shahriar Noroozizadeh, Vaishnavh Nagarajan, Elan Rosenfeld, Sanjiv Kumar · PDF
  24. Deep Thinking via Recursive Self-Aggregation

    Siddarth Venkatraman, Vineet Jain, Sarthak Mittal, Moksh Jain, Vedant Shah, Johan Obando-Ceron, Yoshua Bengio, Brian R. Bartoldson, Bhavya Kailkhura, Guillaume Lajoie, Glen Berseth, Nikolay Malkin · PDF
  25. Demystifying Scientific Problem-Solving in LLMs by Probing Knowledge and Reasoning

    Alan Li, Yixin Liu, Arpan Sarkar, Doug Downey, Arman Cohan · PDF
  26. Diagnosing Moral Reasoning: A Benchmark for Evaluating Consistency and Robustness in Large Language Models

    Andrew Zhu · PDF
  27. Discerning What Matters: A Multi-Dimensional Assessment of Moral Competence in LLMs

    Daniel Kilov, Caroline Hendy, Secil Yanik Guyot, Aaron J Snoswell, Seth Lazar · PDF
  28. Dormant Reasoning Circuits in RL-Trained Language Models

    Noor Rahim, Ali Abdul Rahim · PDF
  29. EAT: Entropy After $\langle/ \tt Think \rangle$ for reasoning model early exiting

    Xi Wang, Lequn Wang, James McInerney, Nathan Kallus · PDF
  30. Efficient First-Order Logic-Based Method for Enhancing Logical Reasoning Capabilities of LLMs

    Wanzhen Fu, Haocheng Yang, Fengxiang Cheng, Fenrong Liu · PDF
  31. Executable Counterfactuals: Improving LLMs' Causal Reasoning Through Code

    Aniket Vashishtha, Qirun Dai, Hongyuan Mei, Chenhao Tan, Amit Sharma, Hao Peng · PDF
  32. Exploration with Foundation Models: Capabilities, Limitations, and Hybrid Approaches

    Remo Sasso, Michelangelo Conserva, Dominik Jeurissen, Paulo Rauber · PDF
  33. Exploring System 1 and 2 communication for latent reasoning in LLMs

    Julian Coda-Forno, Zhuokai Zhao, Qiang Zhang, Dipesh Tamboli, WEIWEI LI, Xiangjun Fan, Lizhu Zhang, Eric Schulz, Hsiao-Ping Tseng · PDF
  34. Fathom-Search-4B: Unlocking Long-Horizon DeepSearch via RL

    Shreyas Singh, Pradeep Moturi, Kunal Singh · PDF
  35. FlagEval Findings Report: A Preliminary Evaluation of Large Reasoning Models on Automatically Verifiable Textual and Visual Questions

    Bowen Qin, Chen Yue, Jin-Ge Yao, Jing-Shu Zheng, Miguel Hu Chen, richeng xuan, Shibei Meng, Tong-Shuai Ren, Xi Yang, Xuejing Li, Yesheng Liu, Yonghua Lin, Zheqi He, Zhongyuan Wang · PDF
  36. FRIT: Using Causal Importance to Improve Chain-of-Thought Faithfulness

    Anand Swaroop, Akshat Nallani, Saksham Uboweja, Adiliia Uzdenova, Michael Nguyen, Kevin Zhu, Sunishchal Dev, Ashwinee Panda, Vasu Sharma, Maheep Chaudhary · PDF
  37. GEPA: Reflective Prompt Evolution Can Outperform Reinforcement Learning

    Lakshya A Agrawal, Shangyin Tan, Dilara Soylu, Noah Ziems, Rishi Khare, Krista Opsahl-Ong, Arnav Singhvi, Herumb Shandilya, Michael J Ryan, Meng Jiang, Christopher Potts, Koushik Sen, Alex Dimakis, Ion Stoica, Dan Klein, Matei Zaharia, Omar Khattab · PDF
  38. GraphARC: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Graph-Based Abstract Reasoning

    Saku Peltonen, August Bøgh Rønberg, Andreas Plesner, Roger Wattenhofer · PDF
  39. Grounding LLM Reasoning with Knowledge Graphs

    Alfonso Amayuelas, Joy Prakash Sain, Simerjot Kaur, Charese Smiley · PDF
  40. Hessian-Enhanced Token Attribution (HETA): Interpreting Autoregressive Language Models

    Vishal Pramanik, Maisha Maliha, Sumit Kumar Jha · PDF
  41. Hop, Skip, and Overthink: Diagnosing Why Reasoning Models Fumble during Multi-Hop Analysis

    Anushka Yadav, Isha Nalawade, Srujana Pillarichety, Yashwanth Babu Vunnam, Samyadeep Basu, Reshmi Ghosh, Wenlong Zhao, Ali Naseh, Sriram Balasubramanian, Soundararajan Srinivasan · PDF
  42. How Instruction and Reasoning Data shape Post-Training: Data Quality through the Lens of Layer-wise Gradients

    Ming Li, Yanhong Li, Ziyue Li, Tianyi Zhou · PDF
  43. How to Train Your Advisor: Steering Black-Box LLMs with Advisor Models

    Parth Asawa, Alan Zhu, Matei Zaharia, Alex Dimakis, Joseph E. Gonzalez · PDF
  44. Influence Functions for Efficient Data Selection in Reasoning

    Prateek Humane, Paolo Cudrano, Daniel Z Kaplan, Matteo Matteucci, Supriyo Chakraborty, Irina Rish · PDF
  45. Investigating Advanced Reasoning of Large Language Models via Black-Box Interaction

    Congchi Yin, Tianyi Wu, Yankai Shu, Alex Gu, Yun Han Wang, Jun Shao, xun jiang, Piji Li · PDF
  46. Is Chain-of-Thought Reasoning of LLMs a Mirage? A Data Distribution Lens

    Chengshuai Zhao, Zhen Tan, Pingchuan Ma, Dawei Li, Bohan Jiang, Yancheng Wang, Yingzhen Yang, huan liu · PDF
  47. Is Random Attention Sufficient for Sequence Modeling?

    Yihe Dong, Lorenzo Noci, Mikhail Khodak, Mufan Li · PDF
  48. Label-Invariant Hessian Regularization Mitigates Grokking in Mathematical Reasoning

    Hongyang R. Zhang, Zhenshuo Zhang, Jerry Weihong Liu, Christopher Re · PDF
  49. Landscape of Thoughts: Visualizing the Reasoning Process of Large Language Models

    Zhanke Zhou, Zhaocheng Zhu, Xuan Li, Mikhail Galkin, Xiao Feng, Sanmi Koyejo, Jian Tang, Bo Han · PDF
  50. Language Models That Think, Chat Better

    Adithya Bhaskar, Xi Ye, Danqi Chen · PDF
  51. Learning Composable Chains-of-Thought

    Fangcong Yin, Zeyu Leo Liu, Liu Leqi, Xi Ye, Greg Durrett · PDF
  52. Learning to Answer from Correct Demonstrations

    Nirmit Joshi, Gene Li, Siddharth Bhandari, Shiva Kasiviswanathan, Cong Ma, Nathan Srebro · PDF
  53. Limits of Emergent Reasoning of Large Language Models in Agentic Frameworks for Deterministic Games

    Chris Su, Harrison Li, Matheus Marques, George Flint · PDF
  54. LLM CHESS: Benchmarking Reasoning and Instruction-Following in LLMs through Chess

    Sai Kolasani, Maxim Saplin, Nicholas Crispino, Kyle Montgomery, Jared Quincy Davis, Matei Zaharia, Chi Wang, Chenguang Wang · PDF
  55. Lost at the Beginning of Reasoning

    Baohao Liao, Xinyi Chen, Sara Rajaee, Yuhui Xu, Christian Herold, Anders Søgaard, Maarten de Rijke, Christof Monz · PDF
  56. MagiC: Evaluating Multimodal Cognition Toward Grounded Visual Reasoning

    Chengfei Wu, Ronald Seoh, Bingxuan Li, Liqiang Zhang, Fengrong Han, Dan Goldwasser · PDF
  57. Monitor-Generate-Verify (MGV): Formalising Metacognitive Theory for Language Model Reasoning

    Nick Oh, Fernand Gobet · PDF
  58. Multi-module GRPO: Composing Policy Gradients and Prompt Optimization for Language Model Programs

    Noah Ziems, Dilara Soylu, Lakshya A Agrawal, Isaac Miller, Liheng Lai, Chen Qian, Kaiqiang Song, Meng Jiang, Dan Klein, Matei Zaharia, Karel D'Oosterlinck, Christopher Potts, Omar Khattab · PDF
  59. Multiple Token Divergence: A Measure of In-Context Computation Density

    Vincent Herrmann, Eric Alcaide, Jürgen Schmidhuber · PDF
  60. Murphy: Reflective Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learning for Self-Correcting Code Generation in Large Language

    Chanakya Ekbote, Vijay Lingam, Behrooz Omidvar Tehrani, Jun Huan, sujay sanghavi, Anoop Deoras, Stefano Soatto · PDF
  61. Not All Thoughts Matter: Selective Attention for Efficient Reasoning

    Hao Tang, Guoqing Zheng, Kanishk Gandhi, Harkirat Behl, Vaishnavi Shrivastava, Mojan Javaheripi, Kevin Ellis, Shivam Garg, Dimitris Papailiopoulos · PDF
  62. Observer, Not Player: Simulating Theory of Mind in Large Language Models through Game Observation

    Jerry Wang, Ting Yu Liu · PDF
  63. OIBench: Benchmarking Strong Reasoning Models with Olympiad in Informatics

    Yaoming Zhu, Junxin Wang, Yiyang Li, Xin Ding, Lin Qiu, ZongYu Wang, Jun Xu, Xuezhi Cao, Yuhuai Wei, Mingshi Wang, Xunliang Cai, Rong Ma · PDF
  64. On the generalization of language models from in-context learning and finetuning: a controlled study

    Andrew Kyle Lampinen, Arslan Chaudhry, Stephanie C.Y. Chan, Cody Wild, Diane Wan, Alexander Ku, Jörg Bornschein, Razvan Pascanu, Murray Shanahan, James Lloyd McClelland · PDF
  65. On the Optimization Dynamics of RLVR: Gradient Gap and Step Size Scaling

    Joe Suk, Yaqi Duan · PDF
  66. On the Role of Temperature Sampling in Test-Time Scaling

    Yuheng Wu, Thierry Tambe · PDF
  67. OpenThoughts: Data Recipes for Reasoning Models

    Etash Kumar Guha, Ryan Marten, Sedrick Keh, Negin Raoof, Georgios Smyrnis, Hritik Bansal, Marianna Nezhurina, Jean Mercat, Trung Vu, Zayne Rea Sprague, Ashima Suvarna, Benjamin Feuer, Leon Liangyu Chen, Zaid Khan, Eric Frankel, Sachin Grover, Caroline Choi, Niklas Muennighoff, Shiye Su, Wanjia Zhao, John Yang, Shreyas Pimpalgaonkar, Kartik sharma, Charlie Cheng-Jie Ji, Yichuan Deng, Sarah M Pratt, Vivek Ramanujan, Jon Saad-Falcon, Jeffrey Li, Achal Dave, Alon Albalak, Kushal Arora, Blake Wulfe, Chinmay Hegde, Greg Durrett, Sewoong Oh, Mohit Bansal, Saadia Gabriel, Aditya Grover, Kai-Wei Chang, Vaishaal Shankar, Aaron Gokaslan, Mike A Merrill, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Yejin Choi, Jenia Jitsev, Reinhard Heckel, Maheswaran Sathiamoorthy, Alex Dimakis, Ludwig Schmidt · PDF
  68. Peek-a-Boo Reasoning: Contrastive Region Masking in MLLMs

    Isha Chaturvedi, Anjana Nair, Yushen Li, Adhitya Rajendra Kumar, Kevin Zhu, Sunishchal Dev, Ashwinee Panda, Vasu Sharma · PDF
  69. POLYMATH: A Challenging Multi-modal Mathematical Reasoning Benchmark

    Himanshu Gupta, Shreyas Verma, Ujjwala Anantheswaran, Kevin Scaria, Mihir Parmar, Swaroop Mishra, Chitta Baral · PDF
  70. R1-Compress: Long Chain-of-Thought Compression via Chunk Compression and Search

    Yibo Wang, Haotian Luo, Huanjin Yao, Tiansheng Huang, Haiying He, Rui Liu, Naiqiang Tan, Jiaxing Huang, Xiaochun Cao, Dacheng Tao, Li Shen · PDF
  71. Reasoning Large Language Model Errors Arise from Hallucinating Critical Problem Features

    Alex Heyman, Joel Zylberberg · PDF
  72. Reasoning Through Chess: How Reasoning Evolves from Data Through Fine-Tuning and Reinforcement Learning

    Lucas Dionisopoulos, Prithviraj Ammanabrolu, Nicklas Majamaki · PDF
  73. Reasoning Up the Instruction Ladder for Controllable Language Models

    Zishuo Zheng, Vidhisha Balachandran, Chan Young Park, Faeze Brahman, Sachin Kumar · PDF
  74. Reasoning with Preference Constraints: A Benchmark for Language Models in Many-to-One Matching Markets

    Marylou Fauchard, Florian Carichon, Margarida Carvalho, Golnoosh Farnadi · PDF
  75. ReFIne: A Framework for Trustworthy Large Reasoning Models with Reliability, Faithfulness, and Interpretability

    Chung-En Sun · PDF
  76. Reinforcement Learning Improves Traversal of Hierarchical Knowledge in LLMs

    Renfei Zhang, Manasa Kaniselvan, Niloofar Mireshghallah · PDF
  77. Representational Homomorphism Error Predicts Compositional Generalization In Language Models

    Zhiyu An, Wan Du · PDF
  78. Reverse-KL Reinforcement Learning Can Sample From Multiple Diverse Modes

    Anthony GX-Chen, Jatin Prakash, Rob Fergus, Rajesh Ranganath · PDF
  79. RL Fine-Tuning Heals the OOD Forgetting in SFT

    Hangzhan Jin, Sitao Luan, Sicheng Lyu, Guillaume Rabusseau, Doina Precup, Mohammad Hamdaqa · PDF
  80. RL in Name Only? Analyzing the Structural Assumptions in RL post-training for LLMs

    Soumya Rani Samineni, Durgesh Kalwar, Karthik Valmeekam, Kaya Stechly, Subbarao Kambhampati · PDF
  81. RoBoN: Routed Online Best-of-n for Test-Time Scaling with Multiple LLMs

    Jonathan Geuter, Gregor Kornhardt · PDF
  82. Sample More to Think Less: Group Filtered Policy Optimization for Concise Reasoning

    Vaishnavi Shrivastava, Ahmed Hassan Awadallah, Vidhisha Balachandran, Shivam Garg, Harkirat Behl, Dimitris Papailiopoulos · PDF
  83. Scratchpad Thinking: Alternation Between Storage and Computation in Latent Reasoning Models

    Sayam Goyal, Brad Peters, María Emilia Granda, Akshath Vijayakumar Narmadha, Dharunish Yugeswardeenoo, Callum Stuart McDougall, Sean O'Brien, Ashwinee Panda, Kevin Zhu, Cole Blondin · PDF
  84. Skill-Targeted Adaptive Training

    Yinghui He, Abhishek Panigrahi, Yong Lin, Sanjeev Arora · PDF
  85. SLR: Automated Synthesis for Scalable Logical Reasoning

    Lukas Helff, Ahmad Omar, Felix Friedrich, Antonia Wüst, Hikaru Shindo, Tim Woydt, Rupert Mitchell, Patrick Schramowski, Wolfgang Stammer, Kristian Kersting · PDF
  86. Smaller Models, Smarter Rewards: A Two-Sided Approach to Process and Outcome Rewards

    Jan Niklas Groeneveld, Xi Qin, Alexander Schaefer, Yaad Oren · PDF
  87. Steering LLMs’ Reasoning With Activation State Machines

    Ian Li, Philip Chen, Max Huang, Andrew Park, Loris D'Antoni, Rose Yu · PDF
  88. T-FIX: Text-Based Explanations with Features Interpretable to eXperts

    Shreya Havaldar, Helen Jin, Chaehyeon Kim, Anton Xue, Weiqiu You, Gary E. Weissman, Rajat Deo, Sameed Ahmed M. Khatana, Helen Qu, Marco Gatti, Daniel A Hashimoto, Amin Madani, Masao Sako, Bhuvnesh Jain, Lyle Ungar, Eric Wong · PDF
  89. TATTO: Tool-Augmented Thinking PRM for Tabular Reasoning

    Jiaru Zou, Soumya Roy, Vinay Kumar Verma, Ziyi Wang, David Wipf, Pan Lu, Jingrui He, Sumit Negi · PDF
  90. Test-Time Alignment for Large Language Models via Textual Model Predictive Control

    Kuang-Da Wang, Teng-Ruei Chen, Yu Heng Hung, Guo-Xun Ko, Shuoyang Ding, Yueh-Hua Wu, Yu-Chiang Frank Wang, Chao-Han Huck Yang, Wen-Chih Peng, Ping-Chun Hsieh · PDF
  91. The Ends Justify the Thoughts: RL-Induced Motivated Reasoning in LLMs

    Nikolaus Howe, Micah Carroll · PDF
  92. To Think or Not to Think: Exploring the Unthinking Vulnerability in Large Reasoning Models

    Zihao Zhu, Hongbao ZHANG, Ruotong Wang, Ke Xu, Siwei Lyu, Baoyuan Wu · PDF
  93. TokUR: Token-Level Uncertainty Estimation for Large Language Mode Reasoning

    Tunyu Zhang, Haizhou Shi, Yibin Wang, Hengyi Wang, Xiaoxiao He, Zhuowei Li, Haoxian Chen, Ligong Han, Kai Xu, Huan Zhang, Dimitris N. Metaxas, Hao Wang · PDF
  94. Towards Understanding the Optimization Landscape of GRPO and its Variants

    Samyak Jain, Ayush Agrawal, Navin Goyal · PDF
  95. Tracing the Traces: Latent-Space Metrics for Efficient and Accurate Reasoning

    Martina G. Vilas, Safoora Yousefi, Besmira Nushi, Eric Horvitz, Vidhisha Balachandran · PDF
  96. TS-Agent: A Time Series Reasoning Agent with Iterative Statistical Insight Gathering

    Penghang Liu, Elizabeth Fons, Svitlana Vyetrenko, Daniel Borrajo, Vamsi K. Potluru, Manuela Veloso · PDF
  97. Understanding the Test-Time Computing of Transformers: A Theoretical Study on In-Context Linear Regression

    Xingwu Chen, Miao Lu, Beining Wu, Difan Zou · PDF
  98. UQ: Assessing Language Models on Unsolved Questions

    Fan Nie, Ken Liu, Zihao Wang, Rui Sun, Wei Liu, Weijia Shi, Huaxiu Yao, Linjun Zhang, Andrew Y. Ng, James Zou, Sanmi Koyejo, Yejin Choi, Percy Liang, Niklas Muennighoff · PDF
  99. Variation in Verification: Understanding Verification Dynamics in Large Language Models

    Yefan Zhou, Austin Xu, Yilun Zhou, Janvijay Singh, Jiang Gui, Shafiq Joty · PDF
  100. Visual-TableQA: Open-Domain Benchmark for Reasoning over Table Images

    Boammani Aser Lompo · PDF
  101. Weak-to-Strong Generalization with Failure Trajectories

    Ruimeng Ye, Zihan Wang, Yang Xiao, Zinan Ling, Manling Li, Bo Hui · PDF